保水剂对红砂岩土壤持水特性的影响

为了探究红砂岩土壤中施用保水剂对其持水特性所造成的影响,在红砂岩土壤中按保水剂质量比为0,0.25‰,0.50‰,1.00‰,2.00‰施用保水剂的条件下,测定了不同比例保水剂措施下的土壤水分特征曲线、土壤入渗过程和土壤水分蒸发过程,并用二次曲线求得最佳施用量.研究结果表明,随着保水剂施用量增加,饱和含水量θ_s呈增大的趋势,而残余含水量θ_r、进气值相关参数α和开关系数n总体上呈现先增大后减小的趋势,保水剂主要增加土壤重力水.施用保水剂抑制了土壤的入渗性能,降低了水分垂直入渗率,延长了入渗持续时间,减缓了土壤水分蒸发速率.综合考虑保水效果和施用量,红砂岩土壤最佳保水剂施用量范围为0.5‰~1.0‰.     

Experiments on Breaking Rock With High-pressure Cavitating Water Jets

How to achieve the most efficient rock-breaking is the research direction of the rock-breaking technique. According to this problem, a series of experiments relating to the rock-breaking efficiency of cavitating water jets were carried out for different nozzles within different pump pressures and ambient pressures. The results show that the erosion depth increases proportionally with the pump pressure and decreases as the ambient pressure increasing on the same experimental condition. Erosion happens in the first few minutes, and after that, erosion does not increase with time. The erosiondepth of the convergent-straight nozzle is much lower than that of the convergent-divergent nozzle.     

风化煤对晋陕蒙矿区排土场新构土体土壤呼吸的影响

为探讨风化煤添加对晋陕蒙矿区排土场沙黄土及砒砂岩掺混沙黄土等新构土体土壤呼吸特征的影响,该文设置沙黄土、沙黄土+风化煤、沙黄土+风化煤+砒砂岩掺混、沙黄土+砒砂岩掺混的4种新构土体,采用Li-8100土壤呼吸测量系统测定田间土壤呼吸,分析了不同土体重构方式土壤呼吸特征及其与土壤水热因子的相互关系。结果表明：1）风化煤添加后沙黄土+砒砂岩土体与沙黄土土体土壤呼吸速率分别提高了35.2%（P<0.05）和17.1%,沙黄土土壤呼吸日变化为单峰曲线,风化煤添加后日变化呈双峰曲线。2）各土体土壤呼吸与土壤温度均呈极显著的指数函数关系,vant' Huff模型可用来模拟各土体土壤呼吸对土壤温度的响应。3）监测期内土壤含水率整体较高,土壤呼吸与土壤水分具有一定的线性关系,但不显著。土壤呼吸与土壤温度、水分多元线性分析结果也表明,监测期内新构土体土壤呼吸与土壤温度显著相关,与土壤水分相关性不显著,土壤温度可以解释土壤呼吸的大部分变异。综合研究结果表明风化煤促进了新构土体土壤呼吸,提高了碳释放速率,同时也改变了土壤呼吸日变化格局。研究阐明了添加风化煤对矿区新构土体碳通量释放的影响,对评估风化煤添加土体优缺点,估算未来局部碳变化具有积极意义。     

Thickness Change of Water film—New Mechanism of Salt Sensitivity in Extra-low Permeability Sandstone Reservoirs

Core samples of sandstone with extra-low permeability from Huimin area in Shengli oil field were selected, and the shape and composition of clay mineral in core samples were analyzed by SEM and XRD. Electrokinetic potential of clay minerals in four experimental fluids was measured, under reference to formation water’s salinity and different pH by means of Zeta Probe (potential measuring apparatus). The results show that the positive ion concentration in these experimental fluids is higher than the critical value to balance the negative ions on the face of clay minerals. That makes the positive ion in the state of over-saturated and keeps the value of electrokinetic potential positive in a wide range of pH value. We have evaluated the salt sensitivity extent of the samples, and analysed the data with electrokinetic potential of clay minerals in experimental fluids. The results show that the salt sensitivity mechanism of extra-low permeability sandstone reservoirs, with kaolinite-chlorite-illite and chlorite-illite as the main clay mineral composition, is that with the formation salinity decreasing, the thickness of water film increases, which brings about decreasing of effective pore-throat and enhancement of permeative resistance.     

砂岩类原油驱替实验岩心洗油剂及其制备方法

在油田开发方案中,重要的物理模拟手段就是室内的岩心实验,对分析和研究开发油 田生产规律具有至关重要的指导意义。一个区块开发以前,必须运用钻井取心将岩心样本获 取,在室内进行岩心驱替实验,来将其区块生产规律得到,将理论依据提供给后续全面的开发。 因此,驱替岩石实验的过程中,必须要将同一块岩心多次进行实验,将最佳开发的方案寻找到, 这就需要多次对岩习进行清洗排油。     

砒砂岩区种植沙棘后不同时期的景观异质性

通过对晋陕蒙砒砂岩区沙棘生态工程实施前1年(1998年)、中期(2003年)、最后1年(2008年)3个控制年份的景观异质性对比分析,以期从理论上进行高度概括,更好地指导类似生态工程建设项目。在种植沙棘后的砒砂岩区,沙棘斑块密度、边缘密度、聚集度等指数,从2003年向2008年略有增加。区域内持续的沙棘生态工程建设,形成区域化、片段化的沙棘林,导致了这些指数的变大。沙棘破碎化指数从呈微弱减小趋势,在造林面积几乎增加一倍的前提下,部分斑块整合到一起,致使破碎度指数有所下降。随着沙棘等生态工程的不断推进,区域内景观多样性指数和均匀度指数都有所提高,同时整个景观优势度指数逐渐降低,向更加和谐的景观系统转变。     

Space time evolution rules study of acoustic emission locations in rock under cyclic loading

An acoustic emission (AE) location experiment was performed on sandstone using an advanced AE test system. The space time evolution rule regarding damage was analyzed under cyclic loading as well as AE. The results show that: AE on static loading process is consistent with the damage evolution rule of compression and the elastic plastic deformation phase;At the beginning of cyclic loading with low duration time and energy, AE events came from a small crack. The location result showed that most events occurred in the core zone forming at the static loading process and the location points changed slowly. AE energy changed little during the metaphase of the cyclic process. There was a modest increase of location points in every cycle. The tendency of steady development could be predicted from the AE location events. At the end of each cyclic loading, the quantity of AE events and energy increased rapidly, reaching a maximum at the last cycle. AE events had high energy and duration time. Location events changed quite rapidly, and assembled and linked continuously in the core zone. At the same time, they expanded to the top of specimen. A macroscopic crack finally formed. In the post failure process, some AE events still existed due to fracturing of gliding friction. Owing to the inner stress balance of rock even after loading stopped, minor AE events still occurred.      

流域地貌形态多尺度三维分形量化及尺度效应——以砒砂岩区二老虎沟为例

流域地貌形态的科学量化是地貌学研究和区域尺度土壤侵蚀模型研究中的热点问题之一。针对目前地貌形态分形量化模型中存在的地形模拟方法和模型结构不合理问题,基于GIS技术和分形理论改进了地貌形态分形量化模型,并使用无人机高分辨率DEM数据对砒砂岩区二老虎沟流域进行了多尺度地貌形态量化,进而研究了该区地貌形态三维分形量化的尺度效应。研究发现:(1)随着尺度的降低,该区三维分形维数呈线性降低趋势,即地形复杂度呈线性降低趋势;(2)砒砂岩区二老虎沟流域在10m尺度地形复杂度已大大降低;(3)根据多指标量化结果分析,地貌形态量化指标分为两类:地形复杂度指标和地形起伏度指标,前者具有明显的尺度效应,后者尺度效应不明显。     

基于人粮关系的鄂尔多斯砒砂岩区土地资源承载力变化特征

[目的]分析2000—2015年鄂尔多斯砒砂岩区人口数量与粮食产量关系,研究生态脆弱区土地资源承载指数和土地资源承载力状态,为砒砂岩区经济和社会的可持续发展提供理论依据。[方法]采用2000,2005,2010和2015年Landsat影像进行鄂尔多斯砒砂岩区土地类型分类提取,结合土地面积、粮食产量和人口数据等社会经济数据,运用土地资源承载力模型和土地资源承载指数研究砒砂岩区土地资源承载力时空变化特征。[结果]①2000—2015年鄂尔多斯市土地资源承载力呈现逐渐增加的趋势,土地资源承载指数波动下降;②粮食产量呈逐渐增加趋势,人粮关系基本处于粮食盈余状态,人口容纳能力尚有一定的增长空间;③旗区间土地资源承载力存在较大差异,其中东胜区和准格尔旗土地资源承载力较高,人粮矛盾相对严重;鄂托克旗和伊金霍洛旗土地资源承载力中等,大部分年份粮食盈余;鄂托克前旗、杭锦旗、乌审旗和达拉特旗处于粮食盈余状态,土地资源承载力相对较低。[结论]鄂尔多斯砒砂岩区土地资源承载力总体上仍有一定增加空间,但各旗区内部存在较大差异。     

不同比例复配土种植玉米对土壤氮素分布的影响

通过在砒砂岩与沙不同比例混合形成的复配土上种植玉米,研究复配土中硝态氮、铵态氮的分布及运移情况。结果表明,土壤硝态氮容易被水分淋洗,且复配土中沙的比例越大,土壤硝态氮淋洗的速度越快、淋洗的深度越深;复配土中铵态氮含量普遍偏低,复配土含沙量越高,铵态氮变化越大。因此,在含沙量较高的复配土中应采取适当措施,减小养分流失造成的肥力浪费。